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Brojač posjeta
Ispis statistike od 22. 6. 2010.

Ukupno: 1201432
Danas: 26

Al-Andalus


Arrival
The Romans conquered Spain in I-II centuries and created the Roman province of Hispania, including the current territories of Spain, Portugal and northern Morocco. At the end of the Empire they let the Visigotics, a Germanic  tribe, settle in Spain. After the fall of Roman Empire, the Visigotics created a kingdom in 415.
They were a minority (6.000 Visigotics among 6.000.000 hispano-romans) and people didn’t like them. Their monarchy was elective and it provoked a lot of civil wars. In 711 there was one civil war and one of the candidates for the throne called the Moroccans. They came but they had been converted to Islam some years ago by the Arabs.
The Moroccans didn’t help any candidate and they took the chance to conquer Spain in three years. There was’t a fight: the population never liked the Visigotics and the wanted peace so all the cities surrendered with pacts. Some Visigotic aristocrats escaped to the mountains of  northern  Spain and there they created some Christian kingdoms.
 
Spain in the year 1000
Society
Muslims were  a minority and in eight centuries they never were more than 30% of population. They were also divided: The Berbers were discriminated by the Syrians and  the Arabians.
They respected the “People of the Book” who they considered to be Jews, Christians and Muslims who prayed to the same god. They tolerated the Christians and the Jews in their territories but they had to pay special taxes. Some Christians converted to Islam (they were called “muladíes”) and many others remained Christians in Muslim territories (they were called “mozárabes”). Arabic was the official language but the mozárabes spoke languages derrived from Latin.
In 929 Al-Andalus (the name of Islamic Spain) became independent from Damasco, creating the Caliphate of Cordoba. It was the period of splendor of Al-Andalus. The Caliphate became the richest country in Europe.

Reconquista
The Christian kingdoms of the north started to retake territories from the Muslims. They opened the Way of Saint James to have contacts with the other Christians of Europe and a lot of times crusades came to help, but most of the time they only thought about going to the South and they didn`t take part in European matters.
The Reconquista wasn’t a continuous and homogeneous process. The Christian kingdoms also fought  among themselves and the Muslims were divided into different kingdoms that also fought among themselves. Sometimes Christian and Muslim kingdoms were allies against another Christian/Muslim kingdoms.
 

On 2nd of January of 1492 the last Muslim city, Granada, was retaken. In the Christian military camp the Kings of Spain hired Christopher Columbus to discover America. The Reconquista was finished and another adventure started.

Expulsion
After the Reconquista a lot of Muslims remained in Spain. They were called “moriscos”. They were respected because of the surrender pacts that they signed.
But the Turks and the North-African pirates attacked the coast too often and the Spanish Muslims conserved their traditions, religion and language. So the King of Spain was afraid of a rebellion or that a invasion of Turks would be sent to help them so he decided to expell them all in 1609. They were only 300.000 in a country of 8’5 million people, but some cities like Valencia lost 1/3 of their population.

Legacy
Influence on the Spanish language
In total, 10% of Spanish words are from Arabic, Persian or Berber. They left many special nouns:
    Agriculture.  Almendra
    Architecture.  Álcazar
    Army.  Almirante
    Others.  Ajedrez
There weren’t changes in syntax.

Toponymy
    Gibraltar. Ẏabal Tāriq. Mount of  Tariq
    Guadalquivir. al-wadi al-Kabir. The big river
    La Mancha. Al-Mansha. Land without water
    Madrid. Maǧrīţ. Riverbed
    Albacete. Al-Basit. The plane

Monuments

Mezquita-Catedral (Córdoba)


    It was the Big Mosque of Córdoba when it was muslim.
    The Christians re-conquered the city and changed it into a cathedral.
    It has 850 columns like palm trees to create an “oasis in the desert”.
 
La Alhambra (Granada)


    La Alhambra was the palace-fortress of the Muslim kings of Granada. It’s full of mosaics, fountains and gardens.

 

Javier Gonzalez Moreno



Pošalji prijatelju Pošalji prijatelju
objavio: Marijan Biruš   datum: 20. 4. 2015.

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Brojač posjeta
Ispis statistike od 22. 6. 2010.

Ukupno: 1201432

   





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